These recollections are intended to recognize the determined path he took as an athlete and an advocate, as a public figure who chose not to yield, even as illness increasingly weakened him from within, and as one of the small group of Americans whose fight for equality remains a touchstone.
这些回忆资料是为了让人们更好地认识 Robinson，关于他如何勇敢的选择自己的道路，无论是作为一个运动员、一个积极进取的倡导者、一个从不退缩的公众人物——即便是在身体变虚弱的时候、一小部分仍然为公平而战斗的美国人的精神标杆。
We remember Robinson as a four-sport college star at UCLA, as a military officer training for World War II, as a Dodger whose daring base running drove other teams to utter distraction. We remember him as a proud family man, with his wife, Rachel, and with his son Jackie Jr. And several years later, a graying Robinson with the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr., and at a civil rights protest in Cleveland.
我们记忆中的 Robinson 是加州大学洛杉矶分校（UCLA）一名擅长四项不同运动（篮球、橄榄球、棒球、田径）的大学明星，二战期间，他成为一名军官，也是洛杉矶道奇棒球队队员，他的大胆跑垒经常让对手分心。在我们的记忆中 ，他还是一个以家庭为傲的男人，对妻子 Rachel、儿子 Jackie Jr. 爱护有加。我们也记住了 Robinson 的晚期形象：头发灰白的 Robinson 曾与 Martin Luther King Jr. 牧师一道参与克利夫兰的民权示威活动。
We remember Robinson in full force on a baseball diamond, where his skill and desire led the Dodgers to six World Series in 10 years and a championship that for so long was out of reach. He remains, on this 100th anniversary, one of the great figures of American history, a person who refused to be deterred.
我们记得 Robinson 在棒球场上全力以赴的模样，他渴望超越自我，以高超的技巧在 10 年内带领道奇队参加了 6 次世界大赛（即美国职棒大联盟总冠军赛），并获得了一个长久以来可望而不可及的冠军奖杯。在这个一百周年纪念日上，他再次被铭记为一个美国历史上的伟大人物——一个锐意进取，从不愿被困难挡在门外的人。
1919-1940: THE EARLY DAYS
Before Brooklyn Beckoned
1919-1940 年：早期时光
在布鲁克林大赛之前的日子
Jackie Robinson was born in Georgia, the son of a sharecropper and the youngest of five children. He was only 16 months old when his mother, fed up with her philandering husband and weary of the hardships that African-Americans faced in the South, made the decision to start over somewhere else. She went west, all the way to Southern California, and found a home for herself and her children in Pasadena.
Jackie Robinson 出生于乔治亚州的一个佃农家庭，他是五个孩子中最小的一个。在他 16 个月大的时候，他的母亲受够了她风流成性的丈夫，厌倦了非裔美国人在南方所面临的困难，决定离家出走，去别的地方重新开始。她向西一路来到南加州，在帕萨迪纳为自己和孩子找到一个新家。
It was, for sure, a better place for them to be than Georgia, but Pasadena was capable of blatant discrimination, too. And as he grew up, Robinson had several run-ins with police officers in which racial animosity seemed to be at heart of the matter. But it was also in this setting that Robinson first made a name for himself — as a remarkable four-sport athlete at Pasadena Junior College and then at UCLA. In football, he dazzled as a running back. In track, he won the long jump at the 1940 NCAA track and field championships. In baseball and basketball, his skills were there for all to see.
对他们来说，这当然是一个比乔治亚州更适宜生活的地方，但帕萨迪纳也存在公然歧视的现象。在 Robinson 的成长过程中，他多次与警察发生冲突，事情的根源总是与种族敌对有关。但也是在这种背景下，Robinson 第一次崭露头角——在帕萨迪纳专科学校和后来的加州大学洛杉矶分校的学习过程中，他先后在四项运动中表现出过人的天分。在橄榄球比赛中，他是一名令对手眼花缭乱的跑卫。在田径运动中，他于 1940 年美国大学生体育协会田径锦标赛上获得跳远冠军。在棒球和篮球比赛中，他的球技有目共睹。
But where all this athletic excellence would lead was not clear. After all, one of his older brothers, Mack, had won a silver medal at the 1936 Berlin Olympics, finishing second to Jesse Owens in the 200 meters. And yet the only work that Mack Robinson could ultimately find when he returned home was as a street sweeper.
但是，所有这些在运动场上的优秀表现，最终将会对他的命运产生怎样的影响还不甚明朗。毕竟，他的一个哥哥 Mack 在 1936 年柏林奥运会上获得过一枚银牌，Mack 在 200 米项目上仅次于田径明星 Jesse Owens。然而，回到美国后，Mack 能找到的唯一工作是当一名清洁工。
1941-1946: INTO THE WORLD
Battlegrounds, Far and Near
1941-1946 年：初出山门
到处都是战场
Jackie Robinson left UCLA in 1941 and then, a year later, moved into the front line of history.
Jackie Robinson 在 1941 年离开加州大学洛杉矶分校，一年后，他加入了军队。
It began with his involvement in World War II. Drafted in April 1942, he was admitted into Officer Candidate School and by January 1943 he was made second lieutenant in the still highly segregated U.S. Army. At that point, he was placed with the all-black 761st Tank Battalion, which would go on to distinguish itself on the European front. But Robinson never made it overseas. Instead, in July 1944, he refused a driver’s orders to move to the back of a military bus at Fort Hood, Texas, a dispute that quickly escalated into a confrontation between Robinson and military officers in which Robinson angrily stood his ground. A court-martial ensued in which Robinson was acquitted of charges of insubordination and in November he was honorably discharged from the Army.
他的军旅生涯是从参与二战开始的。1942 年 4 月，Robinson 应征入伍，被录取进军官候选人学院。1943 年 1 月，他在实行高度种族隔离制度的军队中，被任命为美国陆军少尉。当时，他被安排进全部由黑人组成的 761 坦克营，这支部队后来在欧洲战场上脱颖而出。但 Robinson 从未踏上外国战场。1944 年 7 月，在德克萨斯州胡德堡（Fort Hood），他拒绝了一名司机让他坐到一辆军用巴士后排座位的命令。这场争执很快升级为 Robinson 与军官之间的对峙，Robinson 愤怒异常，并坚持了自己的立场。随后的军事法庭宣判 Robinson 不服从命令的罪名不成立，他在 11 月光荣退伍。
By the next spring, he had joined the Negro leagues, the only viable outlet for black baseball players. His team was the Kansas City Monarchs, his position was shortstop. And perched just offstage was Branch Rickey, the visionary baseball man who ran the Brooklyn Dodgers and had resolved to break the sport’s unofficial color barrier, both out of moral conviction and competitive cunning.
第二年春天，他加入了黑人联盟（Negro leagues），这是黑人棒球运动员参与职业赛事唯一可行的出路。他为堪萨斯国王队（Kansas City Monarchs）效力，位置是游击手。站在场地后面观察的是 Branch Rickey，Rickey 是一名有远见的棒球手，也是布鲁克林道奇队（Brooklyn Dodgers）的教练，出于道德信念和商业竞争，他决心打破这项运动中不成文的肤色规定。
Rickey’s plan was to sign at least several standout African-American players, but someone had to go first, and Rickey concluded it should be Robinson, who had gone to college, played on integrated teams and displayed a defiant toughness that Rickey, in his first face-to-face meeting with Robinson, famously turned on its head: Would Robinson, Rickey wanted to know, have the courage not to fight back in the face of the hatred he would inevitably encounter as the first African-American player in the major leagues in the 20th century?
Rickey 的计划是签署至少几名杰出的黑人球员，但总要有人开个先例。最终 Rickey 认为应该签下 Robinson。理由是 Robinson 上过大学，在混合了不同肤色成员的球队里打过比赛，显露出一股不屈服于权威的拼劲，而在他首次与 Robinson 会面时，Rickey 想知道：一旦入选，Robinson 就会成为 20 世纪美国职业棒球大联盟的首位非裔球员，这一身份不可避免地会招致一些敌对目光。Robinson 是否足够勇敢面对这一切、而且不反击？（译者注：美国职业棒球大联盟，Major League Baseball，是目前世界上最高水准的职业棒球赛事，由 29 支美国各地的球队和 1 支加拿大球队组成。大联盟下有各级美国职业棒球小联盟。）
Robinson said he would and by the following year he was with the Dodgers in spring training as a member of their top minor league team, the Montreal Royals. He led the International League in hitting with a .349 average in that 1946 season and, at the end, he would say goodbye to Montreal in profound fashion, carried aloft by joyous fans after the Royals won the Little World Series championship.
Robinson 说他做得到。第二年，他作为道奇在小联盟的顶级球队蒙特利尔皇家（Montreal Royals）的一员，参加了春季训练。1946 年的那个赛季，他以 .349 的平均成绩在国际棒球联盟（International League）中处于领先地位。在皇家队赢得小联盟世界系列赛（Little World Series）冠军后，他被快乐的球迷抛到了天空，场面非常感人，他以这样的方式告别了蒙特利尔赛场。（译者注：美国职业棒球小联盟，Minor League Baseball，指数批在参与城市、球队经费以及比赛水准比美国职业棒球大联盟小的职业棒球联盟。）
Brooklyn was drawing closer.
离在布鲁克林夺冠的日子越来越近。
*Robinson 与 Branch Rickey，图片来自《纽约时报》
1947: ON TO BROOKLYN
From Havana in March to the World Series in October
1947 年：在通往赢得布鲁克林大赛的路上
从 3 月的哈瓦那到 10 月的世界职业棒球大赛
The 1947 season would be Jackie Robinson’s first in the major leagues and, tellingly, the preparation for it took place outside the United States. Robinson and the Montreal Royals encountered disruptions and hostility in Florida during spring training in 1946. Branch Rickey decided he didn’t need a repeat performance. Instead, he had the Dodgers set up shop that spring in Havana, and played exhibition games there and in Panama.
1947 赛季是 Jackie Robinson 加入大联盟的第一个赛季，球队选择在美国以外的地方为这个赛季做准备。1946 年的春训中，Robinson 和蒙特利尔皇家队在佛罗里达遭遇了干扰以及不友好对待。Branch Rickey 认为他不想看到类似的事情继续上演。那年春天，他让道奇队在哈瓦那展开训练，并在那里以及巴拿马举行表演赛。（译者注：如前所述，Jackie Robinson 是美国职业棒球大联盟现代史上首位非裔球员。在他之前，黑人只获准在黑人联盟打球。Robinson 进入大联盟比赛最初不被队友支持、比赛时有警察要将他赶走、遭到球迷的辱骂。但 Robinson 只是用成绩来证明自己。直到获得最有价值球员并带领道奇队打败多年对手洋基队。Robinson 的个人经历也被视为近代美国民权运动最重要的事件之一。）
He was trying to delay the inevitable — the vitriol and maybe worse that Robinson would encounter if, as expected, he began the season in the Dodgers’ lineup. But even away from the mainland, there was turbulence. A small group of Dodgers, some of them from the South, began an effort to keep Robinson from being part of the team.
他在试图推迟注定会来临的事情——如果以道奇队的现有阵容来开始赛季的话，Robinson 可能会遇到刻薄的对待，甚至更糟的事情也会发生。但即使球队远离了美国大陆，也还是发生了骚动。一小群道奇队员，包括了一些来自南方的球手，做了些事情想阻止 Robinson 入队。
The effort was quickly swatted aside by Rickey, with an assist from his manager, Leo Durocher, who delivered an expletive-filled ultimatum to all the players, warning them to accept the fact that Robinson — “I don’t care if he has stripes!” Durocher allegedly exclaimed — was not going anywhere except to Brooklyn, and in time for Opening Day.
这些事情很快遭到 Rickey 的痛击，球队经理 Leo Durocher 也向所有球员发出最后通牒，话说得很难听，警告他们接受一个事实，即 Robinson 在开幕日当天一定会出现在布鲁克林赛场。据称，Durocher 大声宣布：“我才不管他身上有没有条纹！”（译者注：原话是“I don't care if he is yellow, or black or has stripes like a zebra !” 翻译：“我才不管他是黄种人、白种人，还是像斑马那样带条纹的人！”）
But the real resistance to Robinson emerged after the season began in April. Late that month, in a game in Brooklyn, Philadelphia manager Ray Chapman baited Robinson with a stream of vicious racial insults.
但真正阻碍 Robinson 的反对意见是在 4 月赛季开始后才出现的。那个月末，在布鲁克林的一场比赛中，费城队主教练 Ray Chapman 用一连串恶毒的种族侮辱为 Robinson 设下了陷阱。
There is no question that Robinson was getting hit by more pitches than almost every other player. And at first base, which he was playing for the first time, he was being spiked by runners crossing the bag. In a play at second base, he got slyly kicked. Hate mail, predictably, was being directed at him, too. And fans on the road could be vicious.
可以断定，故意往 Robinson 身上投去的发球比几乎所有其他球员都多。在第一次担任球队的一垒手时，他被穿越垒包的对手脚上的钉鞋踩到。在跑二垒的时候，他被狡猾地踢了一脚。不出所料，他也收到了恐吓信，走在路上还遇到了试图伤害他的恶毒球迷。
Robinson held back, as promised, but the last word that season belonged to him in every sense. Having struggled to hit early on, he ended up with a solid .297 batting average and led the team in runs scored. And his base running was electric, often leaving other teams unsettled. By season’s end, he had 29 stolen bases, the most in the National League. Three of the 29 were his first steals of home, the play that would become his signature.
但 Robinson 如之前承诺的那样保持理智，他在这个赛季中也得到了前所未有的关注。他从一开场就没能很好地击中投球，以 .297 的平均打击率结束了比赛，但他带领球队在得分榜上取得领先位置。他的跑垒充满激情，经常让其他球队感到不安。到赛季末，他有 29 个盗垒，是全联盟最多。29 次盗垒中有 3 次是他第一次尝试本垒盗垒，这也成为了他的招牌动作。
No Dodgers were complaining anymore about his presence on the team. After all, he had helped lead them right into the World Series.
道奇队再也没有人抱怨球队里有 Robinson 在了。毕竟，他帮助这支球队打进了世界大赛。
*Ernie Sisto 摄，图片来自《纽约时报》
1948-1953: FRONT AND CENTER
The Driving Force of the Dodgers, and an MVP, Too
1948-1953 年：巅峰时期
他是道奇队的主力，也是 MVP 球员
Jackie Robinson had been indomitable in his rookie 1947 season, but in 1948 he showed up for spring training noticeably overweight. Leo Durocher, who had been restored as the Dodgers’ manager after sitting out for a year, was irked and let Robinson know it.
Jackie Robinson 在 1947 年的新秀赛季表现得很顽强，但在 1948 年，他参加春季训练时明显超重。Leo Durocher 在缺席一年后重新担任道奇队的教练，他对此很恼火，并让 Robinson 知道了这一点。
In the previous spring training, before being suspended, Durocher had made it clear to Robinson’s new teammates that he would be part of the Dodgers whether they liked it or not. Now, he was scolding Robinson.
此前 Durocher 曾向 Robinson 的新队友明确表示，不管他们喜欢与否，Robinson 都将成为道奇队的一员。现在，他却在责骂 Robinson。
In the end, after taking off the extra pounds, Robinson compiled 1948 numbers that were not that different from his rookie year. His batting average fell one point, to .296. His stolen bases dipped to 22 from 29. The biggest difference were his runs batted in, which took a big jump. Most notably, he switched from first base to second, where he would stay in the seasons ahead.
在减掉多余的体重后，Robinson 打出了不错的成绩，他在 1948 年的数据与他的新秀赛季没有太大的不同。他的打击率下降 1 个点，降至 .296。他盗垒次数从 29 次降至 22 次。最大的不同是他的打点有了很大的提升。最值得注意的是，他从一垒转战二垒，在接下来的赛季中他将继续呆在这个位置。
The next season, 1949, proved to be Robinson’s best. By now, he had turned 30, which was old for a star player in only his third season in the major leagues. But it was also a reflection of the complicated path he had taken to get where he was: junior college, UCLA, military service, the Negro leagues.
下一个赛季，1949 年，被证明是 Robinson 的最好赛季。到这个时候，他已经 30 岁了，对于一个刚要参加第三个赛季的明星球员来说，这个年纪已经有点老了。但这反映了他为实现自己的目标所走过的曲折道路：专科院校、加州大学洛杉矶分校、服兵役，一直到加入黑人联盟。
Even so, he had yet to slow down and he put up dazzling numbers — a .342 batting average, 203 hits, 124 RBIs, 37 steals — that would earn him the National League’s MVP award. He also carried the Dodgers back to the World Series for the second time in three seasons, although they again lost to the New York Yankees.
尽管如此，他没有放慢脚步，而是打出了令人眼花缭乱的数据——平均打击率为 .342，命中 203 次，124 分打点，37 次抢断——这些数据为他赢得了全美联盟最有价值球员奖（MVP）。他还带领道奇队在三个季度中第二次重返世界大赛，不过他们再次输给了纽约洋基队。
Four more strong seasons followed in which Robinson remained an intimidating offensive force who never hit below .300. Twice in those four seasons, the Dodgers again made it to the World Series, only to be stymied by the Yankees. Twice, the Dodgers lost the National League pennant race on the final day of the season.
在接下来的 4 个赛季中，Robinson 一直是令人生畏的进攻主力，他的打击率从未低于 300。在这四个赛季中，这支球队两度进入了世界大赛，但都被洋基队挡住了去路。他们两次在赛季最后一天的锦标赛上被打败。
Significant, too, was that Robinson no longer held back. He never fought with another player, but his spirit and defiance and feistiness and opinions were out in the open. He got into notable disputes with umpires, a few of whom, he suspected, were biased against him. Still, Robinson was the engine that continued to drive the Dodgers.
同样重要的是，Robinson 不再退缩。他从来没有和其他球员打过架，但他的反抗精神、他的争强好胜和态度都被人们看在眼里。他怀疑其中几个裁判员对他有偏见，并与裁判员发生了明显的争执。尽管如此，Robinson 一如既往引领着道奇队打赢了很多比赛。
*Meyer Liebowitz 摄，图片来自《纽约时报》
1954-1956: WANING INNINGS
Three Final Seasons, and More Than One Last Hurrah
1954-1956 年：逐渐隐退
最后三个赛季，职业生涯的最后一击
In 1954, Jackie Robinson played fewer games （124） than he had in any previous season. He was 35, and finding it harder to keep the weight off. Gray hairs were emerging. Still, some of his offensive numbers that season — a .311 batting average, for instance — made it clear he wasn’t done. Not yet.
1954 年，Jackie Robinson 的上场次数（124 场）比之前任何一个赛季都要少。他已经 30 岁了，发现越来越难以控制自己的体重。尽管如此，他在那个赛季的一些进攻数据——例如 .311 的打击率——表明他的时代还没有结束。
But Robinson was finished as a second baseman, splitting time, instead, between third base and left field, a switch that had started the season before. Nor would 1954 be the year Robinson finally won a World Series; instead, it was the New York Giants who captured the title with a four-game sweep of the Cleveland Indians.
但是 Robinson 不再担任二垒手。他转而在三垒和左外野的位置上发挥作用，这个转变在上个赛季就开始了。1954 年也不是 Robinson 最终赢得世界职业棒球大赛的时间。相反，是纽约巨人队在四场比赛中横扫克利夫兰印第安人队，夺得冠军。
Rumors even emerged that Robinson might be traded, although it was hard to envision him as anything but a Brooklyn Dodger. And a Dodger he remained in 1955, although he appeared in still fewer games （105） than the year before and hit only .256.
甚至有传言说 Robinson 可能会被交易到其他球队，尽管很难想象他除了布鲁克林道奇队成员之外还能有什么其他身份。到了 1955 年，他仍然是道奇队的一员，尽管他的出场次数比前一年更少（105 场），打击率也只有 .256。
The Dodgers were also back in the World Series in 1955, giving Robinson a fifth crack at the Yankees, the team that had stood in his way from the start. In Game 1, without the speed he once had, Robinson nevertheless took off on an attempted steal of home and slid in safely. A 6-4 Yankees lead was now 6-5, although the Dodgers were unable to tie the score.
道奇队在 1955 年又一次重返世界职业棒球大赛的舞台，这让 Robinson 有了第五次与多年老对手洋基队较量的机会。在第一场比赛中，Robinson 的速度显然没有以前那么快了，但他还是跑了起来，试图进行本垒盗垒，并安全进垒。洋基 6 比 4 的领先得分变成了 6 比 5，不过道奇最终没能追平比分。
But perhaps Robinson, summoning one more flash of daring on the basepaths, had set a tone for his teammates. They lost Game 2 as well, but then rallied to win Games 3, 4, and 5 at Ebbets Field and, after losing Game 6 in the Bronx, shut down the Yankees, 2-0, in Game 7, behind a standout performance from pitcher Johnny Podres.
但也许是 Robinson 在垒道上表现出来的勇气，为他的队友定下了基调。他们虽然也输掉了第二场比赛，但却在埃比茨球场赢下了第三场、第四场和第五场比赛，并在布朗克斯输掉了第六场比赛，他们在第七场比赛中以 2 比 0 击败了洋基队，投手 Johnny Podres 在这一场比赛中有的出色表现。
Finally, the Dodgers were champions.
道奇队终于夺冠了。
Robinson did not play in Game 7, benched after hitting just .182 in Games 1 through 6. But he was right in the middle of the joyous Brooklyn scrum near the pitcher’s mound after the final out was recorded.
Robinson 没有在第七场比赛中上场，在前 6 场比赛中他只打出了 182 的打击率。但在出局之前，他在本垒板附近的地面和对方球员上演滑稽的争球比赛。
And a year later, Robinson would be in the middle of one last scrum — when he delivered the winning hit against the Yankees in the bottom of the 10th inning of Game 6 of the 1956 Series. No one knew it at the moment, but it would turn out to be the last hit of his career. The exit was beckoning for the player who had changed the sport.
一年后，Robinson 在 1956 年季后赛第六场第 10 局的最后一刻给洋基队送去了致命一击，当时他正处于混乱的争球混战中，没人知道，这将会是他职业生涯的最后一击。这名优秀的运动员就此迎来了退役的生活。
图片来自《纽约时报》
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原文标题：42, at 100
原文作者：Veronica Chambers、Jay Schreiber
翻译：熊猫译社 驰逸 钱功毅
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